Influence of Soil Nutrients and Agronomic Practices on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Bitter Gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i>)

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a climber vegetable known for its diverse phytochemicals and potent antioxidant properties. These characteristics are strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly soil nutrient composition and agronomic practices. Nutrient management, including organic amendments and micronutrient supplementation, is critical in increasing bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and cucurbitacins. Similarly, agronomic strategies such as irrigation scheduling, mulching, intercropping, and the use of biostimulants influence secondary metabolite synthesis. This review summarises recent research on how specific soil nutrients and cultural practices influence the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of M. charantia, highlighting long-term strategies for increasing its nutraceutical value