A multi-indicator approach for assessing the hydrological health and drought resilience of Khanmirza watershed, Iran

ABSTRACT Watershed health is essential for the sustainability of hydrological systems. This study assesses the hydrological condition and drought resilience of Iran's Khanmirza watershed using a novel multi-indicator approach based on the integration of five key drought indices – standardized precipitation index, reconnaissance drought index, Z-score index, standardized streamflow index, and groundwater resource index – with the reliability–resilience–vulnerability framework. This combined methodology enables a more comprehensive evaluation of surface and groundwater dynamics through the computation of a watershed health index. The findings reveal a complex status: precipitation and temperature-based indices suggest normal conditions, while streamflow indicators reflect a healthy state. However, groundwater data indicate an unhealthy condition due to excessive withdrawals. These results highlight the need for informed management strategies to mitigate land degradation and ensure sustainable resource use. The study's integrated approach provides a robust framework for evaluating watershed health in regions facing similar environmental challenges.