Cartesian Robot Design for Automated Spinach Seedling in Crop Beds

The cultivation of spinach is distinguished by its nutritional value and its significance for both fresh consumption and the food industry. However, manual seeding poses significant challenges such as lack of uniformity, seed loss, and high labor costs. Agricultural automation emerges as an effective solution to enhance productivity and reduce costs in spinach seeding. Among the advantages are uniform dosing, higher seeding speed, and increased surface area efficiency. In response to these seeding deficiencies, we propose the prototyping of a Cartesian robot for spinach seeding in crop beds. The prototype, tested in a controlled environment, is controlled via mobile application. During the trials, it seeded a 100 mm square arrangement, successfully depositing one seed after another in 20 seconds, with a positioning accuracy of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\pm 1 \text{mm}$</tex> and an effectiveness rate of 98%.