Multifaceted CA@TiO2 nanocomposite-based thin film composite membrane for advanced separation and environmental detoxification

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes play a pivotal role in modern potable water reuse systems, providing an effective barrier against dissolved organic compounds, salts, and harmful pathogens. In this study, the synthesis, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a cellulose acetate blended titanium oxide (CA@TiO 2 ) composite RO membrane, prepared via the phase-inversion method is reported. The hydrophilic CA polymer served as a binder, while TiO 2 nanoparticles, known for their excellent antibacterial properties, were incorporated to enhance membrane durability and water permeability. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was employed as the solvent during membrane casting. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized membrane was conducted using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and TGA/DTA analysis. The membrane demonstrated effective removal of desalination ions (Ca 2 + , Mg 2+ ) and heavy metal ions (Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ ), confirming its potential in water treatment applications. The membrane showed over 60 % salt rejection for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and removed 90–97 % of heavy metals like Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr 3+ , and Fe 3+ . It achieved about 85 % oil/water separation efficiency and degraded 89.6 % of methylene blue under UV light in 90 min, showing good photocatalytic activity. Overall, the synthesized CA@TiO 2 membrane offers promising potential for sustainable water purification and wastewater treatment. • CA@TiO 2 nanocomposite-based reverse osmosis (RO) composite membrane was developed. • It was used in heavy metals removal, oil/water separation, and dye degradation. • Effective ion removal for desalination and water purification were ascertained. • Density functional theory analysis revealed electronic properties of the nanocomposite. • Antimicrobial activity confirmed wastewater disinfection potential.