Analysis of Elementary Students' Bullying Factors through Video Monitoring in the Physical Education Subject

Bullying remains a serious issue in schools worldwide. Data from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) showed that Indonesia ranked the 5^th among the 78 countries with the highest prevalence of bullying cases against students. This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to school bullying by utilizing video monitoring technology in elementary school students during Physical Education lessons. This study employed a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods with an explanatory design. The research sample consisted of 180 students from four elementary schools. The research instruments included observation, interviews, and questionnaires, while data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Quantitative data analysis identified significant factors influencing bullying behavior, including family disharmony, gender, school policy, and student sports abilities. Meanwhile, qualitative data, gathered through observations utilizing video monitoring technology and interviews, revealed that students would likely bully peers with lower sports abilities or less proportional body sizes (e.g., obesity). Verbal teasing using inappropriate language was also frequently observed. The use of video monitoring technology in Physical Education lessons effectively recorded all student activities, enabling the identification of physical, verbal, and psychological bullying behaviors. Video monitoring technology, combined with respondents' perceptions obtained through questionnaires, provided a more comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to school bullying.