Assessing the Prevalence and Severity of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders among Subjects from Different Educational Backgrounds in the Marathwada Region Using Fonseca’s Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background- Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated structures. They are often underdiagnosed due to their multifactorial origin, involving stress, bruxism, occlusal imbalances, and postural issues. These disorders can significantly affect quality of life and are often overlooked, especially in populations with limited health awareness. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of TMDs among individuals from varying educational backgrounds in the Marathwada region using Fonseca’s Anamnestic Index (FAI). Materials and Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2024 among 238 participants aged 18–60 years, selected through convenience sampling from community centers and educational institutions. The FAI questionnaire, consisting of 10 symptom-based questions, was used to assess TMD severity. Participants’ educational status was also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, and Chi-square tests were applied to assess associations between educational background and TMD prevalence. Results- Psychological stress (53.8%), headaches (50.9%), and bruxism (30.2%) were the most frequently reported symptoms. TMJ sounds, muscle fatigue, and neck stiffness were also common. Mild to moderate TMD was the most prevalent. A trend of higher symptom reporting was observed among those with lower educational levels. Conclusion- TMDs are common in the Marathwada region, with psychological and parafunctional factors playing a significant role. The FAI proved to be an effective screening tool. Awareness campaigns and early interventions, especially in under-informed groups, are essential for reducing the burden of TMDs.