Advancing Wound Healing Using Cutaneous Bioelectronic Interfaces for Real-Time Monitoring and Electrical Stimulation

INTRODUCTION Effective wound healing is critical for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing complications, and recent advancements in bioelectronic technologies offer new opportunities for improving therapeutics and their related outcomes. Wounds are classified based on their healing process. Primary healing, such as surgical wounds, progresses smoothly. However, secondary healing, often in cases with complications like infections, involves granulation tissue formation and epithelialization. Wounds, especially chronic ones, are a global health issue, with around 15% of wounds failing to heal within a year, leading to physical, emotional, and economic burdens [1]. This suggests that a better understanding of wound healing and its underlying pathophysiology has the potential to significantly improve treatment and prevent severe outcomes, like amputation or death.