MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE TREATMENT: CURRENT TRENDS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND WORLDWIDEhstan and worldwide

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by a cloned cell that comes from a single precursor, or “clone” [1]. These antibodies are highly specific, allowing them to be used to treat a range of diseases. They can target specific molecules, such as viruses, tumor cells, or molecules involved in inflammation, unlike traditional therapies that target a broader range of cells and molecules. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed modern medicine through their ability to target specific cells and molecules. Since their discovery in 1975, mAbs have been utilized across a broad range of therapeutic and diagnostic fields, demonstrating high specificity and efficacy [2]. These molecules have revolutionized the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, and other complex disorders, solidifying their role as indispensable tools in healthcare. The rapid progress in biotechnology over recent decades has greatly enhanced the development and production of mAbs, leading to improved efficacy, safety, and accessibility of these biologics globally. However, despite global advancements, the application and development of monoclonal antibodies in Kazakhstan face significant challenges. These include the lack of local production infrastructure, limited accessibility of mAbs to patients, and underdeveloped scientific research and clinical trials in this field. Addressing these issues is critical to optimizing the use of mAbs for the benefit of the local population. In this review we will explore recent trends and advancements in Mab therapy worldwide and in Kazakhstan