Sustainable Transition Through Resource Efficiency: The Synergistic Role of Green Innovation, Education, Financial Inclusion, Economic Complexity and Natural Resources

This study aims to evaluate how key financial, educational, technological, and institutional drivers shape resource efficiency (RCE), a critical pillar of sustainable development—across major economies. Enhancing RCE is vital for ensuring long-term ecological and economic stability while meeting global sustainability targets. Using panel data from 2000 to 2022 for G20 countries, this research examines the dynamic effects of natural resources (NRSs), educational quality (EDQ), financial inclusion (FIN), green innovation (GRI), and economic complexity (ECC) on RCE. The Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model is applied to capture both short- and long-term relationships and is validated by robustness checks using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators. The results show that EDQ and FIN exert a negative influence on RCE, suggesting that governance inefficiencies occur when aligning education systems and financial mechanisms with sustainability goals. In contrast, NRS, GRI, and ECC significantly enhance RCE, underscoring the value of resource stewardship, innovation-driven transitions, and complex economic structures in promoting efficiency. These findings have governance implications, emphasizing the need for institutional reforms that integrate sustainability into the education and financial sectors while supporting green innovation and economic diversification. Policymakers in G20 economies are urged to implement coherent strategies that redirect educational and financial frameworks toward inclusive, resilient, and resource-efficient development pathways, thereby advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).