Innovative power quality control for integrated photovoltaic and electric vehicle systems in smart grid

This research addresses power quality challenges in grid-to-vehicle) and vehicle-to-grid systems integrated with renewable energy sources. A high-efficiency, high-gain impedance-source direct current–direct current converter is proposed to optimize the transfer of energy between solar panels, electric vehicle, and the power grid. An extended tilt-integral active disturbance rejection controller ensures accurate control of voltage, current, and battery state of charge under dynamic conditions. Power flow is further optimized using an augmented weighted k-means crested porcupine optimizer, improving energy management and system resilience. The proposed model is validated through simulation in MATLAB and benchmarked against various existing methods. Results demonstrate improved power quality, with a very low total harmonic distortion of 2.17%, minimized power loss of 0.15 kW, and enhanced system stability and efficiency under diverse operational scenarios.