Advancement in biomechanics for prosthetic design - review

Abstract Prosthetic technology has come a long way over the years, having progressed from rudimentary, mechanical-structure-based models to high-tech biomechanical systems built for high functionality and user comfort. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) is one of the fundamental innovations making this transformation happen; it has improved socket design dramatically by allowing accurate analysis of stress distribution, pressure bearing points, and load bearing efficiency. The use of FEM has enabled improved long-term use of prosthetic devices by reducing discomfort and preventing soft tissue injuries through optimization of socket geometry. The Additional detail concerns the energy efficient foot-ankle systems that utilize energy storage and return to do less work, comfort the user, and enable mobility over varying terrains. FEM, and 3D scanning-based technologies have transformed the socket-design process, allowing for more customization that supports socket efficacy through decreased levels of pain, and improved alignment. Principles such as rehabilitation and training, along with supplying user feedback systems, are important components to help users become independent and confident in their usage of the device and can make a profound difference in the effectiveness of assistive technology. Advances in material science, like lighter alloys or biocompatible polymers, are also perceived to increase prosthetic durability and acceptance. As great as these technological advances are, research is still needed to reduce the cost of these products and the complexity of their use. The review ends with avenues for future work to meet these challenges and provide high-quality, biomechanically compelling prosthetics to wider segments of the population.