Feed policy in Ukrainian aquaculture: trends, challenges, and impact on competitiveness

The research findings indicate that an effective feed policy is a key factor in improving the economic performance and competitiveness of aquaculture in Ukraine. It was established that most fish farms rely on commercial extruded feeds, which demonstrate higher feed conversion efficiency (FCR) compared to homemade mixtures. A reduction of FCR by 0.2 units can increase enterprise profitability by 12–15 %, highlighting a direct correlation between feed quality and financial performance. The most significant feeding-related barriers include the high cost of feeds, dependence on imported protein components, a lack of modern equipment, and insufficient laboratory control—particularly in small-scale farms. Imported feeds offer better performance, bioavailability, and formulation stability, but their availability is limited by logistical challenges, exchange rate fluctuations, and customs restrictions. Domestic feeds remain more accessible in terms of logistics and price, though they often fall short in terms of quality parameters. Regional differences in feed choice were observed, driven by infrastructure development levels, proximity to suppliers, and integration into international supply chains. Southern regions tend to favor imported feeds, whereas western regions lean toward local products. The optimal strategy for Ukrainian aquaculture is a combination of imported high-protein concentrates with local raw material components, allowing a balance between cost, quality, and supply stability. Investments in innovative feeding technologies, stable feed formulations, and modern equipment directly enhance productivity, reduce grow-out cycles, and improve final product quality. Thus, the formation of a balanced, scientifically grounded feed policy—taking into account spatial and organizational features, support for domestic production, and improved state support—is a necessary condition for the sustainable development of aquaculture in Ukraine in both domestic and export-oriented contexts.