Fluoride Contamination and Water Quality in Groundwater of Deogarh District, Odisha

Abstract Groundwater quality in Deogarh district, Odisha, was assessed with a focus on fluoride contamination and its potential impact on human health. While most samples showed fluoride levels within safe limits, about 5.3% exceeded the permissible standards set by WHO, BIS, and USEPA, raising health concerns. Interestingly, 76% of the samples had fluoride levels below the recommended minimum, which could lead to issues such as dental caries and weakened bones. Based on the water quality index (WQI), the groundwater in the area was classified as moderately polluted. A clear link was observed between higher fluoride levels and factors like increased pH and bicarbonate concentration, suggesting that natural rock weathering plays a major role in fluoride release. Human activities, including the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and industrial waste discharge, further contribute to the contamination. Health risk analysis showed that children are more vulnerable to fluoride exposure than adults. These findings highlight the urgent need for better water management practices, regular monitoring, and awareness to ensure safe drinking water for communities in the region.