Islamophobia and Pedagogical Complexities: Developing Inclusive Learning Spaces

Islamophobia presents complex challenges in Western societies, leading to racial discrimination and violence against Muslims. This paper explores the interconnectedness and interactions between racism and Islamophobia, as Islamophobia is conceptualized as a form of racism in the literature. Specifically, it explicates racism and its different manifestations. It also deals with the intricate complexities of racism and Islamophobia in school settings and presents effective pedagogical approaches that teachers can incorporate into their curricula to develop students’ social and political awareness through critical media literacy while fostering positive relationships among them based on mutual respect and appreciation of their cultures.