How Security Needs Systems Engineering

ABSTRACT Peter Neumann once noted that complex systems are not like snapping Lego pieces together, rather each piece added can transmogrify its modular interface and upset the existing structure. The effect for security can be a system weaker than its weakest link – moreover, addressing a security concern can disrupt achieving other emergent properties (e.g., safety). The article addresses these challenges by casting security as a system problem, where the security engineering must not be done stove piped from system engineering. The discussion within also addresses the role of systems thinking and the need for evidence‐based assurance overseen by systems engineering.