Molten Salt Nanofluids for High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage: Advances, Mechanisms, and Challenges

The transition to clean energy demands advanced thermal energy storage (TES) solutions, especially for high-temperature applications like concentrated solar power (CSP) and industrial processes. Molten salt nanofluids—formed by dispersing nanoparticles in molten salts—offer a promising pathway to enhance thermal properties while maintaining high thermal stability and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development, properties, preparation, and potential applications of these materials. Key focus areas include enhancements in specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, which are critical for efficient heat storage and transfer. Notably, experimental studies report up to 100% increases in specific heat—defying classical predictions—possibly due to interfacial nanolayers, ionic rearrangement, or secondary nanostructures. Thermal conductivity improvements vary depending on nanoparticle type, morphology, and dispersion quality. The review also covers common base salts (nitrates, carbonates, chlorides) and a wide range of nanoparticle additives. Preparation methods such as ultrasonication and in-situ synthesis are discussed, along with challenges related to nanoparticle agglomeration, sedimentation, and long-term stability. Viscosity, corrosion behavior, and thermal cycling stability are also examined, as they critically affect system efficiency, pumping power, and material compatibility. Molten salt nanofluids hold strong potential for CSP, geothermal energy, enhanced oil recovery, and next-generation nuclear systems. However, commercialization is hindered by uncertainties in scalability, lifecycle impacts, and regulatory readiness. The review highlights the need for standardized methodologies, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and integrated performance-sustainability assessments to advance these materials toward practical deployment.