ВПЛИВ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ АВСТРІЙСЬКОЇ МОНАРХІЇ НА РОЗВИТОК БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СПРАВИ У ГАЛИЧИНІ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА ХVІІІ–ХІХ СТ.): ІСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The article analyses the impact of the Austrian monarchy's state policy on the development of banking in Galicia (the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries). It is noted that banking in Galicia, in particular in the city of Lviv, actively developed after the accession of Galicia to the Austrian monarchy. In Lviv, initially, loans secured by property were provided by wealthy burghers, and later the first credit institutions were established under the largest Lviv denominations, which were replaced by classical banking institutions. During the Austrian period, Lviv's banking institutions played an important role in the development of regional railway transport and oil production. In addition, many banks commissioned the construction of monumental buildings for their headquarters and branches. By the beginning of the 20th century, Austria-Hungary had developed a special model of the financial system in which banks were closely linked to industry and railways. This model was close to the German financial system, as it was created under the influence of German financial culture, but it also had its own peculiarities: in the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire, there were several interpenetrating financial systems with their own centers in Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Krakow and Lviv. The entire banking system of Galicia was dependent on loans from Austro-Hungarian and foreign banks that were present in Lviv. It is emphasized that the state policy of the Austrian Empire in Galicia was aimed at developing banking activities, which were determined by the economic situation and directly depended on the political situation. Numerous wars waged by the Austrian Empire had a negative impact on the country's financial situation, forcing the government to take loans from other states and from its own wealthy citizens. The period of the mid-18th and early 19th centuries in the Austrian monarchy was characterized by instability of the financial system and the banking sector in particular. The legal framework for banking activities was streamlined at that time and the National Bank of Austria was established in 1816 to promote financial stability and economic development. However, the banking legislation had a number of shortcomings, which were eliminated in the second half of the 19th century. The article shows that during the Austrian period, the Galician Official Credit Institution was established in Lviv in 1841, the Galician Savings Bank in 1842, the Galician Zemstvo Credit Society in 1843, and in 1859, as the Galician Official Credit Institution was established, which had 1188 mortgages issued for 48,530,000 florins and securities issued for 12,080,400 florins, and its reserve fund was 854,046 florins 93 kreutzers. Since 1860, the following financial institutions have been operating in Lviv: a branch of the Austrian National Bank; the Galician Savings Bank, located in the City Council; the Galician Official Credit Institution, located in building 23 1/4 of the Ossolinski Institute; the Pius Mons Privileged Credit Agency under the Armenian Church Metropolis; and the Franz Joseph Loan Fund. In 1867 the Galician Joint Stock Mortgage Bank was opened in Lviv, in 1869 the Peasant Credit Institution was opened, and in 1871 the Peasant Credit Institution, located on Jesuitska Street, also operated in Lviv. In 1873, the Galician Credit Bank and the Agricultural Credit Institution for Galicia and Bukovyna were opened, and in 1874, the Galician Advance Cash Office was established, which provided loans under the personal guarantee of a third party who assumed the obligation to repay the debt in case of default. The debtor certified receipt of the loan by a script or promissory note, which jointly and severally obligated the debtor and the guarantor. The loan was repaid in weekly or monthly instalments distributed over the entire amount of the debt (including the commission). The following financial institutions have been operating in Lviv since 1878: The Galician Savings Bank, located at 5 Jagellonska Street; the Galician Zemstvo Credit Society, located at 1 Karl Ludwig Street, which issued loans at 5% per annum with 1% amortisation; a branch of the Austrian Privileged National Bank, located at 3 Karl Ludwig Street; Galician Joint Stock Mortgage Bank, which issued mortgage loans at 6% per annum and was located at 15 Halytska Square; Peasant Credit Institution, which was located at 14 Jagiellonian Street; a branch of the Austrian Privileged Credit Institution for Trade and Industry located at 33 Karl Ludwig Street; the Galician Credit Bank located at 4 Valowa Street; the Agricultural Credit Institution for Galicia and Bukovyna; the Pius Mons Privileged Credit Agency located at 9 Virmenska Street; Galician Mortgage and Credit Institution, located in the Theatre's parterre; Galician Advance Cash Office, located at 21 Halytska Street, which had 1641 members with an annual turnover of 1,105,615 zloty, etc. It is emphasised that in Galicia, as part of the Austrian monarchy, banking was established and developed in the new economic conditions of the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The Austrian Empire sought to establish control over banking activities, streamline the loan procedure, determine the maximum percentage of lending, etc. Significant changes took place in Galicia, in particular, a number of banking institutions were established, which intensified economic relations and achieved significant success in the development of agriculture and industry. Keywords: bank, banking, banking activity, state policy, Galicia, Austrian monarchy, local self-government, public administration