Etiological profile and risk factors of vulvovaginitis among women of reproductive age in a tertiary care hospital in northern India

Background: Vulvovaginitis is a common condition affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort. It can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or protozoal infections. Despite its high prevalence, vulvovaginitis often remains under-reported in India due to social stigma and lack of awareness. Accurate identification of the etiological agents and associated risk factors is essential for planning effective treatment and prevention strategies. This study aimed to identify the causative agents of vulvovaginitis and evaluate associated risk factors among women attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to June 2024 at Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly. A total of 150 women of reproductive age presenting with symptoms of vaginitis were enrolled. Two high vaginal swabs were collected from each participant for microbiological analysis, including Gram staining, wet mount, KOH mount, whiff test, Nugent scoring, and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Results: Most participants were aged between 21 and 40 years (74.66%), with vaginal discharge reported in all cases (100%). A microbiological diagnosis was established in 48% of cases. Bacterial vaginosis (29.3%) was the most common infection, followed by vulvovaginal candidiasis (18%) and trichomoniasis (0.6%). A significant association was found between bacterial vaginosis and factors such as poor hygiene, menstrual irregularities, and prior antibiotic use. Vulvovaginal candidiasis showed a statistically significant association with diabetes, previous antibiotic intake, and contraceptive use. Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis emerged as the most frequent cause of vulvovaginitis. Early diagnosis, improved awareness, and education on personal hygiene are essential to reduce disease burden and prevent complications like recurrent infections and infertility.