The Dynamics of (De-)Normalization of the Far Right: Perceptions in the German Population

Abstract This paper examines the normalization of far-right ideologies in Germany, with a particular focus on societal perceptions and the resulting consequences. While existing research on the normalization of the far-right has made significant contributions to our understanding of discursive shifts and changing societal norms, it still falls short of integrating the different dimensions of normalization in a coherent framework. We suggest this framework should also include consequences and counter-reactions to normalization processes. This article makes three contributions. Firstly, we expand existing conceptualizations of normalization by introducing the perceptual dimension of viewing far-right actors and ideologies as normal. This enhances our understanding of normalization as a multi-dimensional process spanning discursive, political, civic, economic, and perceptual domains. Secondly, our study includes the reaction to and impact of normalization on marginalized communities and allies, emphasizing the potential for protest (voice) or emigration (exit). Thirdly, we use new empirical data from a population survey conducted in March 2024 to evaluate how the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) is perceived as a “normal” political party and how people have responded to it. The findings reveal that normalization has manifested to varying degrees across different demographic groups. Those with higher levels of education and left-wing political affiliations are more likely to resist. We also find people who are inclined to protest are more likely to want to leave the country. This highlights a key tension: Certain segments of the population are willing to resist the progression of normalization, but the same segments are also more inclined to leave the country. In conclusion, we would like to emphasize the societal implications of this dynamic, including the threats it poses to pluralism, civic engagement, and economic stability.