Advances in biochar applications for enhancing soil fertility and carbon sequestration

Biochar, a stable carbon-rich material derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, has emerged as a promising solution for improving soil fertility and mitigating climate change. By enhancing nutrient retention, water-holding capacity, and microbial activity, biochar significantly improves soil productivity, especially in degraded and nutrient-poor soils. Concurrently, its high carbon stability enables long-term sequestration of atmospheric carbon when incorporated into soil, making it a valuable tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Recent advances in biochar production, engineering, and functionalization have expanded its applications across various agroecosystems. However, site-specific responses, variable feedstock characteristics, and economic feasibility remain key challenges. This review explores the state-of-the-art in biochar science, including its properties, mechanisms of action, and role in carbon markets. It also identifies knowledge gaps and future research needs to optimize biochar for integrated soil management and climate resilience strategies.