Chemical characterization and bioactivity of cigarette butt extract as oviposition deterrent and larvicide against Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of viruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever, poses a global health challenge. Traditional vector control strategies predominantly rely on broad-spectrum insecticides, which not only contribute to development of resistance in mosquitoes but also pose significant risks to non-target organisms and the environment. Here, we assessed the potential of cigarette butt (CB) extract for the management of A. aegypti population. Globally, 4.5 trillion CBs are being wasted annually, which is expected to rise to nine trillion by 2025. So, repurposing this waste for vector control offers an innovative approach. This study evaluated the potential of CB extract to deter ovipositing females and to assess larval mortality of A. aegypti using three concentrations of CB extract (1 CB, 2 CBs, and 3 CBs) against a control (water only). Our results revealed that highest concentration (3 CBs) significantly repelled the egg-laying females and resulted in 100% mortality of younger mosquito larvae (1st and 2nd instars) within 24 h of exposure, whereas complete mortality in mature larvae (3rd and 4th instars) was observed within 48 h of exposure. GC-MS analysis of CB extracts, using acetone and methanol as solvents, revealed both qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition. Identified compounds include nicotine, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and acetonyl dimethyl carbinol. This study presents an innovative solution for recycling cigarette butt waste to control A. aegypti population at both adult and larval stages and highlights the potential to utilize CB waste into integrated vector management programs.