Mitigating lead-stress in Chrysanthemum morifolium through nanoparticle applications: A novel approach in Ecological Engineering

Chrysanthemum morifolium, a globally important ornamental cut flower, is widely propagated for commercial purposes but faces limitations in conventional propagation due to slow proliferation rates. In vitro tissue culture offers a promising solution for rapid multiplication under controlled conditions. The objective of the current study is to estimate the effectiveness of nanoparticles for enhancing shoot multiplication in Chrysanthemum morifolium in the in vitro culture on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). The results showed that nanoparticles enhanced shoot development after five weeks in the culture. Titanium nanoparticles at a concentration of 25.0 mg/L produce 13.1 shoots per explant. On the other hand, titanium nanoparticles did not positively affect shoot length or the number of leaves per explant. Microshoots cultivated on MS medium free of carbon sources had fewer developing new shoots. The supplementation of silica−phosphoric acid (H3PO4.SiO2) nanoparticles into MS medium formed a shoot length of 4.60 mm at 0.25 mg/L. Increased silica−phosphoric acid (H3PO4.SiO2) concentration did not increase the number of new shoots per explant. The addition of different silica nanoparticles did not show a significant increase in the number of new shoots. Shoot formation was stimulated when the MS medium contained sucrose and titanium or silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. On the other hand, fresh and dry weights of explants showed a significant difference between the concentrations of titanium and silica nanoparticles examined. The results demonstrated that nanoparticle applications enhance the growth and development of Chrysanthemum morifoliumu. These findings contribute to advancing tissue culture technology and increasing the availability of C. morifolium plants