A quantitative assessment of heavy metal contamination in instant coffee beverages: A comparative analysis of toxic element content and public health risk implications

Introduction The contamination of food products with heavy metals is a significant global health concern due to their high toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate in vital organs, potentially leading to serious physiological disruptions. Instant coffee, as a widely consumed beverage, may serve as an underexplored source of exposure to these toxic elements. Aim The objective of study was to quantitatively assess the levels of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, arsenic, and chromium in different types of instant coffee beverages, including 3-in-1, 2-in-1, and cappuccino products, and to identify factors differentiating their content across various product categories. Additionally, hazard quotient and hazard index values were calculated for the selected metals to evaluate potential health risks. Material and methods 50 samples of instant coffee beverages were analyzed and categorized based on soluble coffee content, manufacturer, and country of origin. Zinc, arsenic, chromium, and nickel concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, while cadmium and lead were quantified using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Results and discussion Lead concentrations were found to be below the limit of quantification in all samples, and cadmium and arsenic were detected in only one sample. The non-cancer health risk assessment associated with heavy metal exposure suggested minimal risk for adult consumers. Conclusions Although the immediate health risks are negligible, continuous improvement in monitoring systems and the implementation of advanced technologies are essential to further reduce the presence of heavy metals in food products. Sustained investment in research and technological innovations is critical for ensuring long-term food safety and protecting public health on a global scale.