A Verifiable and Traceable Asymmetric Fingerprinting Scheme for Encrypted <scp>3D</scp> Models of Oblique Photography

ABSTRACT Verifiability and traceability are significant challenges in the safe use of 3D models of oblique photography. Although existing methods can achieve data verifiability, they suffer from issues such as wrongful accusations of legitimate users, difficulties in tracing unauthorized users, and data leakage during transmission. To address these issues, we propose a verifiable and traceable asymmetric fingerprinting scheme for encrypted 3D models of oblique photography. First, the fingerprint to be embedded is generated interactively by both parties involved in the transaction. The publisher cannot obtain the actual information of the fingerprint, as it is known solely by the user. This effectively ensures the asymmetry of the fingerprint. Next, a fingerprint mapping mechanism is established based on the maximum angle of the triangular facets, embedding the fingerprint information losslessly by adjusting the storage order of the triangle vertices. Finally, the vertex coordinates of the model are converted to positive integers, and the model containing the fingerprint is asymmetrically encrypted using the CRT‐Paillier method to enable secure data transmission. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme does not cause a loss of precision to the model and exhibits strong robustness and collusion resistance against common attacks. Additionally, this scheme can effectively prevent false accusations against legitimate users and accurately trace illegal users.