Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Maize

Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient influencing maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield, yet its inefficient application often leads to substantial losses and environmental concerns. Conventional practice of single basal nitrogen application does not synchronize well with maize nitrogen demand, resulting in reduced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield penalties. This study evaluated the effects of split application of nitrogen on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and economic returns of maize cultivated in a semi-arid sandy-loam soil. A randomized block design experiment was conducted with treatments including single basal, two-way, and three-way split applications of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN). Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation, along with yield attributes and total grain yield, were recorded. The results indicated that the three-way split application (one-third at sowing, one-third at 25 days after sowing, and one-third at 50 days after sowing) significantly enhanced maize growth, cob characteristics, grain yield (up to 30% higher), and improved NUE compared to single basal application. Economic analysis showed higher net returns and benefit-cost ratio under the three-way split schedule. These findings suggest that split nitrogen application tailored to crop demand can optimize maize productivity and profitability while reducing nutrient losses in semi-arid regions.