The role of prostatic specific antigen in early diagnosis of prostate cancer: retrospective analysis of data from the Polyclinic 1 North Kazakhstan region

This study is of an evaluative nature and is based on a retrospective analysis of data from 18 patients of the oncological office of the City Polyclinic No. 1 of the North Kazakhstan region (North Kazakhstan region). PSA levels were compared in patients with various histological diagnoses, including adenocarcinoma, microcarcinoma, benign hyperplasia and inflammatory processes. High PSA levels (> 25 ng/mL) were expected to be a reliable indicator of malignancy, demonstrating a significant difference between gallbladder carcinoma patients and benign changes. Moderate PSA values (4-10 ng/mL) were to include both patients with benign processes and those with precancerous conditions. Low PSA levels (< 4 ng/mL) were expected in patients without evidence of malignancy, which could serve as an additional criterion for exclusion of oncology. The findings confirmed the importance of PSA as a marker for gallbladder carcinoma diagnosis, but also demonstrated its limited specificity. To improve the accuracy of diagnostics, it is recommended to use additional parameters (the ratio of free and bound PSA, the density of the PSA, the rate of change in the PSA level), as well as apply modern methods of visualization and molecular diagnostics.