Survey and Water Quality Analysis of Springs in Kupwara Region of Kashmir Himalayas

The present study describes water quality scenario and discharge studies of springs of Kupwara district in Kashmir Himalayas.The key parameters measured included pH, conductivity, calcium hardness, total hardness, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, iron, phosphate, turbidity, salinity, total dissolved salts (TDS) and temperature.The pH levels ranged from 6.74 to 7.60, indicating generally neutral conditions.Conductivity varied from 215 to 380 S, reflecting mineral content differences.Calcium hardness varied from 13 to 26 drops of reagent while total hardness ranged from 95 to 165 mgL .Nitrite levels were consistently low with varying nitrate and ammonium levels.Iron concentrations -1 were minimal, and phosphate levels ranged from 0.1 to 1 mgL .Turbidity was low, indicating clear water with salinity levels ranging from 162 to -1 214.3 mgL .Total dissolved salts varied between 49.6 ppm and 96.1 ppm.This study provides a comprehensive assessment of spring water -1 discharge and quality in Kupwara, offering valuable insights for managing water resources and addressing potential climate change impacts on water availability.