Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Shubunkin Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linn.) Exposed to Inland Saline Groundwater

Goldfish ( ) are valued in ornamental aquaculture for their vibrant coloration and adaptability.This study examined Carassius auratus their tolerance to inland saline water (ISW) and its effects on stress, growth, and survival.Over 120 days, goldfish were exposed to ISW, with an initial salinity of 12 ppt.Fish were conditioned and gradually acclimated to salinities of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt, increasing by 1 ppt every 2 hours.that salinity levels above 4ppt led to significant deviations in stress indicators, with marked changes in haematological, biochemical, and antioxidant responses at levels up to 10 ppt.Goldfish were able to adapt and grow in salinities up to 6 ppt, though levels below 4 ppt were optimal for health and performance.This research offers insights into goldfish adaptability in ISW, suggesting that salinities up to 6 ppt are manageable, with levels below 4 ppt most favourable, thereby supporting the potential of inland saline water in aquaculture.