Remote Sensing Detection of Gases and Surface Anomalies as Potential Seismic Precursors

Understanding pre-seismic gases and surface anomalies is crucial for improving earthquake risk assessment. This study analyses remote sensing data from Sentinel-5P, Aqua-AIRS, and Sentinel-1 satellites to detect potential pre-seismic anomalies associated with seven earthquakes (M > 6) between 2017 and 2023. Atmospheric variables (CO, CH4, CO2, O3, surface temperature, water vapour, and aerosol optical depth) and surface deformation patterns were evaluated two to five months before the main events. Results reveal consistent trends, particularly in gases, although differences between events suggest the influence of tectonic setting and seismic preparation processes. These findings support integrating multi-parameter remote sensing data into pre-earthquake monitoring strategies.