MODELOS DE USINAS SOLARES FOTOVOLTAICAS E SEUS IMPACTOS NA DIVERSIFICAÇÃO DA MATRIZ ENERGÉTICA BRASILEIRA

Photovoltaic solar energy has become one of the most promising alternatives for a sustainable energy transition, especially in contexts marked by the need to diversify the electricity matrix and reduce carbon emissions. This study, classified as a bibliographic analysis of exploratory and descriptive character, investigates how the implementation of photovoltaic solar power plants impacts the energy matrix of a specific region, considering technical, economic, environmental, and territorial variables. The research was developed through a systematic review of scientific literature, comprising eleven articles published between 2021 and 2025, selected based on strict inclusion criteria, such as open access, publication in indexed journals, and empirically grounded approaches. The analysis revealed that the operational efficiency of solar plants is directly related to engineering decisions, such as tracker tilt angles, module reconfiguration, and the use of optimized inverters. Data also show that centralized models may cause significant environmental impacts, such as deforestation and land conflicts, while decentralized and hybrid models tend to generate less territorial interference. Furthermore, energy governance and circularity criteria were identified as key factors for the long-term sustainability of solar facilities. The study concludes that solar energy, despite its undeniable potential, is not neutral in its effects and requires responsible choices regarding technology design, implementation strategies, and alignment with public policies. The research contributes by systematizing recent findings, proposing critical evaluation criteria, and highlighting the importance of articulating technical performance and environmental justice in the planning of photovoltaic expansion. Finally, it recommends that future studies broaden their focus to include local case studies, integration with smart grids, and policies for the disposal and recycling of photovoltaic modules.