Environmental and spectroscopic approaches to lead ion detection using Schiff base in arid and semi-arid zones

A novel colorimetric chemosensor, (E)-2-methoxy-3-((naphthalen-1-ylamino)methylene)chroman-4-one (FCNA), has been successfully developed for the selective detection of lead (Pb²⁺) ions in environmental soil samples such as those from arid land and semi-arid land. This sensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, with a low detection limit of 5.24×10-10 M and an association constant of 3.22×105 M-1, confirming its strong binding affinity toward Pb²⁺ ions. Structural analysis via FTIR, NMR, and Job’s plot suggests the formation of stable 2:1 complex between FCNA and Pb²⁺, reinforcing its specificity. The ease of synthesis and robust selectivity make FCNA an ideal candidate for Pb²⁺ ions detection, particularly in environmental soil monitoring. Real sample analysis was conducted to validate its performance, demonstrating high reliability in detecting Pb²⁺ ions in complex matrices. Given its exceptional detection ability, FCNA emerges as a promising tool for heavy metal ion monitoring, supporting environmental safety assessments and pollution control efforts in soils.