A Study on the Histopathological Patterns of Ophthalmic Lesions at Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Ophthalmic lesions encompass a broad spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions involving the eye and its adnexa. Histopathological examination remains the cornerstone for accurate diagnosis and classification, aiding in effective clinical management. This study aimed to evaluate the clinico-pathological profile of ophthalmic lesions at a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted between March 2024 to March 2025 at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 28 ophthalmic specimens, including biopsies and excised tissues, were analysed. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, processed routinely, sectioned at 6 microns, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Special stains were used where necessary. Lesions were categorized as neoplastic or non-neoplastic, with neoplastic cases further sub-classified into benign and malignant tumours. Relevant clinical, radiological, and therapeutic data were collected from patient records. Results: Among the 28 cases studied, 18 (64.3%) were males and 10 (35.7%) were females, with a mean age of 48.6 years (range: 2 months to 83 years). The left eye was more commonly affected (60.7%). Non-neoplastic lesions predominated, accounting for 71.4% of cases, with inflammatory conditions being the most frequent (60%), particularly chronic dacryocystitis. Neoplastic lesions comprised 28.6% of cases, with a higher incidence of malignancy (62.5%) compared to benign tumours (37.5%). Malignant lesions included basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, carcinosarcoma, and malignant spindle cell tumour. Benign lesions observed were nevus, neurofibroma, and pyogenic granuloma. The lacrimal sac was the most commonly involved site (25%). Conclusion: This study highlights the predominance of non-neoplastic ophthalmic lesions, particularly inflammatory pathologies, in a tertiary care setting. A significant number of malignant tumours were also identified, underscoring the importance of histopathological evaluation for accurate diagnosis and timely intervention. Regional data such as this are essential for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and guiding effective clinical management of ocular diseases.