The Time–Space Frame in Road Signs Affects Pathfinding Driving Performance: Results From Bayesian Networks

ABSTRACT The time–space frame affects individuals' travel preference by modifying the way information is presented, but its impact on driving behavior during travel remains unknown. The present study examined whether road sign under either time or space frames affects driving performance, using a simulated driving pathfinding experiment. A total of 53 participants took part in the experiment, each completing seven pathfinding tasks. The study found that road signs under the space frame created a longer psychological distance compared to those under the time frame, demonstrating the presence of the time–space framing effect. Bayesian Networks showed that the probability of risky driving under the space frame was higher than under the time frame. Male drivers showed a higher probability of risky driving under the space frame. These results suggest that longer psychological distances can lead to more dangerous driving behaviors. Driving safety can be enhanced by presenting drivers with information framed in different ways.