Surface temperature extremes in urban areas: distribution, morphological drivers and air temperature patterns

The expansion of cities, alongside increasing climate-related risks, requires a better understanding of urban thermal patterns for sustainable planning. This study identifies thermal hot and cold spots in Warsaw using 25 land surface temperature (LST) images (2002-2018), air temperature data from 21 sites, spatial development indicators, CORINE Land Cover, and local climate zones. Spatial autocorrelation (Getis-Ord Gi*) and correlation analyses reveal that LST extremes are related to land cover, spatial development, and city centre proximity. Cluster analysis highlights distinct seasonal and diurnal air temperature regimes in hot/cold spots,emphasizing the need for integrated approaches in urban climate research.