Assessment of Thermal Behavior and Structural Performance of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell Bio-Fillers

The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of coconut shell and palm kernel shell as bio-fillers on the thermal degradation and structural performance of epoxy-based composite using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Data obtained show that the mechanical properties of the developed composite yield strength of 6.029 × 10³N/m², tensile strength of 7.878 × 10³N/m², elastic modulus of 3.9 × 10³N/m², and Poisson’s ratio of 0.31 were used to define simulation parameters. Static analysis results showed low Von Mises stress values (5.5 kPa) and minimal displacement (9.51 µm), confirming that the composite remained well within its elastic limit under applied loads. Strain distribution was symmetric and uniformly low (10-7), indicating excellent structural integrity and load-bearing capacity. Thermal analysis revealed a smooth temperature gradient from 250°C at the center to 100°C at the edges, with thermal stress values (7.06 × 10³N/m²) significantly below the material yield point. TGA results indicated that the composite undergoes major decomposition beyond 200°C, with up to 70% weight loss at 500°C, validating the thermal simulation findings. The results collectively demonstrate that the bio-epoxy composite exhibits reliable mechanical and thermal performance, making it a promising candidate for applications requiring moderate strength and thermal resistance. Moreover, the use of bio-fillers enhances sustainability without compromising functional performance.