Case report of a triple vector-borne infection in a dog: co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., and Dirofilaria repens in North-Eastern Poland

The detection of three different pathogens in a blood smear is not often reported, but it can significantly speed up the diagnosis and initiation of targeted treatment. It should be confirmed using molecular methods, which are commonly used in companion animals, especially for diagnosing co-infections.