Optimization of Saponin-Based Biosurfactants from Banana and Lemon Peels

As concerns over synthetic surfactants grow, there is increasing interest in sustainable alternatives like biosurfactants. Surfactants are widely used for their ability to reduce surface tension. This paper investigates the optimization of saponin-based biosurfactants extraction from banana and lemon peels using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate factors such as temperature, pH, and solvent-to-solid ratio on biosurfactant yield. The optimal conditions were found to be 80°C, pH 6.5, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 15:1, yielding 41.75%, with a desirability value of 1.000. The biosurfactant displayed strong surface-active properties, including foamability, emulsification (E24 of 33.53%), and reduced surface tension. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, ester, and carboxyl groups. These results suggest that banana and lemon peels are sustainable, cost-effective sources for biosurfactants, with potential applications in bioremediation and industrial processes.