Challenges in Adapting Vernacular Architecture to The Contemporary: A Systematic Literature Review

Traditional architectural elements in Malaysian vernacular architecture have long reflected deep-rooted cultural, religious, and environmental values, offering a sustainable and contextually responsive approach to building design. However, despite increasing appreciation of these traditions, many regions still face challenges in translating such elements into contemporary architectural practices. This difficulty is further compounded by the limited number of comprehensive studies exploring the sustainable integration of vernacular principles into modern design. This study aims to critically examine the historical evolution and contemporary relevance of vernacular architecture—both in Malaysia and internationally—through a systematic analysis of literature, to identify and synthesize the key challenges in its adaptation to modern architecture, culminating in five overarching thematic findings. A systematic literature review was conducted through a rigorous screening of relevant publications from two major databases, Scopus and Mendeley. Keywords such as "vernacular architecture," "traditional architecture," "contemporary architecture," and "modern design" guided the search process, resulting in 20 primary sources for analysis. The findings reveal five major thematic challenges: (1) Loss of Cultural Identity and Meaning; (2) Conflict Between Traditional Values and Technological Progress; (3) Adaptation Without Appropriation or Superficial Imitation; (4) Incompatibility with Contemporary Needs and Lifestyles; and (5) Institutional, Social, and Political Barriers. Recognising these challenges is essential to ensure that traditional architectural values are meaningfully carried forward, enabling contemporary designs that remain culturally grounded and environmentally responsive.