Integrating Behavioral Models to Understand Consumer Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles in Indonesia

This study integrates behavioral theories to examine battery electric vehicle (BEV) adoption in Indonesia, incorporating financial incentives to address gaps in understanding consumer motivation. A survey of 304 respondents analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) reveals that attitude towards behavior and perceived behavioral control significantly influence BEV adoption, while financial incentives, though impactful, do not directly drive intention. This means that consumers who have a positive perception of BEVs and feel confident in their ability to own and use them are more likely to adopt, regardless of financial incentives. However, key barriers such as charging infrastructure limitations, range anxiety, and limited consumer awareness prevent widespread adoption, indicating that monetary incentives alone are insufficient. To effectively promote BEV adoption, policymakers should complement financial incentives with cost-reduction strategies like battery leasing programs, targeted fleet incentives, and local production subsidies, alongside infrastructure expansion and consumer engagement through education and test-drive initiatives. This study provides actionable insights to design effective policies for accelerating BEV adoption and transitioning to sustainable transportation in Indonesia.