Differential Diagnosis of Peripheral Lung Lesions: Capabilities and Limitations of Current Methods

This article analyzes 63 scientific works dedicated to the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions (PLL). The differential diagnosis of PLL poses challenges due to the diversity of underlying pathologies, which may include tuberculoma, cancer, and benign tumors. The absence of a unified diagnostic algorithm often necessitates surgical intervention. Non-invasive methods, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and sputum analysis, exhibit limited diagnostic yield, particularly for small lesions. The combination of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and transthoracic biopsy enhances diagnostic accuracy; however, they carry risks such as pneumothorax. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is an effective modality when biopsies are inconclusive, especially for lesions of less than 3 cm. It ensures high diagnostic accuracy and reduces hospitalization duration. Videoassisted thoracoscopic biopsy offers diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of open biopsy, while exhibiting reduced invasiveness. Conventional thoracotomy remains indicated for large or hard-to-reach lesions. It is recommended that a comprehensive approach combining CT, characterized by high informative value, and PET scan, characterized by high sensitivity and specificity for nodules >10 mm, with invasive methods be used. VATS proves effective for lesions below 3 cm, while thoracotomy is applied to large lesions. An individualized approach remains essential for optimal diagnosis. Despite the advancements, the challenge of differential diagnosis persists.