Challenges and pathways for enhanced CO2-derived biosynthesis in cell factories

The increasing fossil energy consumption for a fast-growing economy has led to the significant efflux of carbon dioxide, which is recognized as the chief culprit of serious issues such as global warming.Cell factories, leveraging biological systems for sustainable production, have emerged as a cornerstone industry for achieving green development and carbon neutrality.These biological systems enable the efficient conversion of abundant and inexpensive raw materials, particularly CO 2 , into high-value chemicals, thereby reducing reliance on traditional fossil resources and mitigating environmental impacts.In this perspective, we present a systematic analysis of current challenges and strategic approaches for advancing CO 2 -derived biosynthesis in microbial cell factories, focusing the discussion on the following four critical dimensions: microbial metabolism analysis methods for real-time and dynamic monitoring, reconstruction of microbial metabolic processes for beyond natural biosynthesis, microbial metabolism regulation for enhanced biosynthesis efficiency, and renewable energy harvesting and conversion materials for microbial biosynthesis coupling.Additionally, this perspective seeks to delve deeper into the persisting challenges within CO 2 -derived biosynthesis in cell factories, exploring potential pathways for innovation and advancement in this field.