Synergistic Approach To Derive Green Fuels From Co2 And Their Mapping With Sdgs

The growing demand for sustainable energy alternatives has led to extensive research into utilizing carbon dioxide as a raw material for producing green fuels. A comprehensive and sustainable strategy combines various advanced technologies including thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and bioconversion technologies to effectively convert CO₂ into renewable energy carriers such as methane, methanol, ethanol, syngas, and long-chain hydrocarbons. By integrating these complementary techniques, this approach enhances energy efficiency, increases fuel yield, and reduces environmental impact. Significant advancements in this field include thermocatalytic hydrogenation, where CO₂ reacts with renewable hydrogen to synthesize fuels, and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, which uses renewable electricity to generate carbon-based energy sources. Photocatalysis capitalizes on solar energy to facilitate CO₂ reduction, while biological conversion employs genetically modified microorganisms and algae to produce biofuels. The seamless integration of these methods, coupled with renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, presents a viable pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality. This review examines recent breakthroughs in CO₂-to-fuel conversion, with a focus on catalyst innovation, process enhancement, and system integration. It also addresses key challenges associated with large-scale implementation, such as high energy consumption, catalyst degradation, and economic viability. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this research underscores how the convergence of advanced technologies can provide a sustainable and scalable solution for mitigating CO₂ emissions and accelerating the transition to a cleaner energy future.