A Framework for Post-Mining Area Restoration Based on Social-Ecological System Analysis

Mining activities have had lasting negative impacts on the ecological and socio-economic environments of resource-dependent areas. Although numerous practices and studies have focused on sustainable mining and mine restoration, few have examined how social factors influence ecological recovery. Addressing the interdisciplinary and cross-system challenges brought by post-mining impacts requires a deeper understanding of human-environment interactions. This study aims to explore sustainable restoration and reconstruction pathways for social and ecological systems in post-mining areas. Grounded in social-ecological systems (SES) theory, the research employs a literature review, case studies, and network analysis. We first define post-mining SES concepts, establish SES prototypes and an analytical framework, characterize system features, and conceptualize dynamic trajectories. Based on these findings, adaptive management strategies are proposed for post-mining areas. The results indicate that identifying systemic pressures and vulnerabilities, while aligning SES multi-level dynamics, is essential for restoration. Cross-scale governance involving multiple stakeholders can enhance SES network resilience.