Energy Management Schemes for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

An internal combustion engine (ICE) and one or more electric motors are combined in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to improve fuel economy and lower greenhouse gas emissions. This paper explores the various HEVs, such as series hybrids, parallel hybrids, series-parallel hybrids, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Each types are described in terms of its components and operational modes, highlighting the advantages and challenges associated with each type. Key technological components of HEVs, such as the ICE, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), battery systems, and power electronics, are discussed in detail, emphasizing their roles in optimizing vehicle performance. Furthermore, advanced energy management systems (EMS) using reinforcement learning (RL) and operational charts are examined, demonstrating their capacity to raise overall vehicle performance, lower emissions, and increase fuel efficiency. This paper concludes by underscoring the significant contributions of HEVs towards sustainable transportation and the importance of ongoing innovations in battery technology, control systems, and powertrain architectures for the future of eco-friendly automotive solutions.