ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN CHILDREN (LITERARY REVIEW)

Highlights Specific associations between specific risk factors and types of CHD have been identified, which allows differentiating high-risk groups. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of maternal factors on the formation of congenital heart defects, including placental dysfunction, have been established. The need for comprehensive prevention, including pregravid correction of modifiable factors and optimization of prenatal screening in the formed risk groups, has been substantiated. Abstract The article presents a comprehensive analysis of risk factors for the development of congenital heart defects (CHD) in children associated with the health status of the mother and environmental exposure. The main attention is paid to the mechanisms of influence of somatic pathology of the mother, including metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus, obesity), pregnancy complications (preeclampsia) and environmental factors on the processes of cardiogenesis. The key pathogenetic pathways are considered, including placental function disorders, epigenetic changes and oxidative stress. Particular importance is attached to the analysis of the relationship between specific risk factors and types of developing heart defects. Modern approaches to the prevention of CHD are presented, including pregravid preparation, correction of modifiable risk factors and improvement of prenatal diagnostic methods. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach to reducing the incidence of congenital cardiac pathology is emphasized.