Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Nanoparticles Using <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> and Their Antimicrobial Assessment

Abstract The synthesis of nanoparticles through chemical processes presents several issues, including cost and toxicity, in comparison to green synthesis. Keeping in mind the importance of green synthesis, silver oxide (Ag 2 O) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) were biosynthesized using the extract of Spinacia oleracea . Both Ag 2 O and TiO 2 NPs were characterized entirely using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed that Ag 2 O and TiO 2 exhibit cubic and tetragonal crystal structures, with crystallite sizes of 17.6 nm and 14.3 nm, respectively. EDX confirmed the elemental composition, establishing the effective formation of Ag 2 O and TiO 2 NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated in terms of antibacterial activities using a disk diffusion method against six bacterial strains. The Ag 2 O NPs exhibited remarkable antibacterial efficacy, with a zone inhibition of 21.2 ± 0.9 mm against Neisseria gonorrhoeae , whereas TiO 2 NPs showed excellent performance toward Halomonas halophila with a 27.0 ± 1.1 mm inhibition zone. This research implies that green synthesis of Ag 2 O and TiO 2 NPs is a new antibacterial approach with great effectiveness against bacterial strains, which may be used in the future to cure infectious diseases.