Management of obesity-related diseases through the gut microbiome

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that results in the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in humans. It poses a major global public health crisis, as it increases the risk of several pathologies. The gut microbiome is considered a potential modulator in the development of obesity, alongside environmental factors, lifestyle, and genetic makeup. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the gut microbiome is greatly influenced by the type, quality, and quantity of diet. We have found that a vegetarian diet facilitates the growth and development of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This review discusses the relationship between the human gut microbiome, energy balance, and various obesity-related diseases. The metabolic products of the gut microbiome (such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids) and their effects on the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier function, and immune homeostasis are explored in the context of obesity. However, the specific roles of individual gut microbiota species and their interactions with the gut environment, host genetics, and medications (including antibiotics) require further investigation. We also discuss the potential of the gut microbiome in managing obesity-related diseases through dietary modifications, with reference to dietary fiber, resistant starch, gluten, high-fat diets, and proteins and carbohydrates from both vegetarian and animal sources.