Advances in in situ and operando TEM: From basic catalysis to industry-relevant reactions and future directions

In situ TEM is a powerful tool for studying catalysts in their working environments, providing atomic-scale insights into structural, morphological, and chemical evolution under reaction conditions. This review explores recent advancements in gas and liquid in situ and operando TEM techniques for catalysis research, highlighting their role in identifying active sites, degradation mechanisms, and catalyst-activation processes for reactions with industrial and environmental relevance. As the field progresses, in situ TEM is poised to drive innovations in catalyst design and performance optimization.