Effects of Geographical Origin and Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Content of Salvia officinalis

Introduction: Salvia officinalis L., also known as sage, is a widely used medicinal plant known for its rich phenolic content and associated health benefits. It is known that the phenolic profile of sage varies depending on the geographical origin and extraction method. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic acid composition of S. officinalis samples collected from two geographical locations, Jordan and Isparta-Türkiye, using three extraction techniques. Methods: Dried plant materials were extracted using infusion, decoction, and organic solvent extraction (methanol/acetonitrile) and the phenolic content was analyzed analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). Here, 15 phenolic compounds were screened and evaluated. Results: In this study, rosmarinic acid appeared as the predominant compound in decoction extracts from both locations (19,442 mg/g in Jordan and 17,485 mg/g in Türkiye, respectively), while epicatechin was the major component in infusion extracts. Organic solvent extracts showed moderate levels of phenolics, with rosmarinic acid being the most abundant. Conclusions: Both geographical origin and extraction technique affected the phenolic content of S. officinalis. The decoction method was found to be the most effective extraction method for phenolic compounds, indicating superior efficacy in maximizing the health-promoting properties of the plant.