Abstraction of a Flight Test Maneuver to Evaluate Handling Qualities for Helicopter Air-to-Air Refueling

Several efforts have been made to develop Flight Test Maneuvers for Handling Qualities evaluations, aimed at quantifying the effects of vehicle characteristics and assistance systems on a Helicopter Air-to-Air Refueling mission profile. However, these Flight Test Maneuvers have not achieved widespread adoption, likely due to the substantial logistical challenges associated with tanker deployment. Depending on a tanker aircraft not only incurs significant costs but also requires extensive organizational effort and prior testing, before Handling Qualities can be evaluated for the aerial refueling capabilities of a new rotorcraft design. Additionally, these available Flight Test Maneuver setups are not standardized or widely applied to the same degree as Mission Task Elements of the Aeronautical Design Standard, which limits repeatability and comparability. A new approach is proposed to address these limitations by introducing a repeatable, standardized method to reveal Handling Qualities deficiencies considering a worst-case situation of Helicopter Air-to-Air Refueling. This approach involves analyzing drogue motion to create a synthetic, deterministic target forcing function, based on the summation of several sine waves. Resulting laws of motion are applied to a target tracking task replicating a drogue chasing scenario by projecting all required references into the pilots' field of view. Piloted simulator studies conducted at the Air Vehicle Simulator (AVES) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) demonstrate a high degree of similarity in pilot control behavior between the proposed Flight Test Maneuver and actual simulated Helicopter Air-to-Air Refueling.